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上诉的新证据:东加勒比上诉法院最近的评论

Insight

09 August 2023

British Virgin Islands, Hong Kong

1 min read

上诉的管辖权中一项重要的政策是:不应允许诉讼当事人利用上诉程序作为改进其在初审法院所依赖的证据的机会。上诉程序的存在是为了纠正下级法院在判决中的错误,而不是为败诉的诉讼当事人提供重新审理的机会。然而,在某些情况下,為了秉行司法公正,上诉法院亦会采纳尚未提交过给初审法官考虑的证据。

虽然《2000年东加勒比民事诉讼规则》(CPR)并未包含有关在上诉中采纳新证据的具体规则,但上诉法院制定了一套判例法,其中规定法院在被要求审议未提交初审法院的证据时应采取的方法。本文概述了上诉法院采纳新证据的方法、最近的判决如何厘清该领域的法律以及潜在诉讼当事人保护自己立场的最佳做法。

Ladd v Marshall案:是测试还是指南?

在上诉中采纳新证据的法律最广为人知、最权威的解释可以在一个英国旧案例 Ladd v Marshall [1954] 1 WLR 1489 中找到。根据 Ladd v Marshall 案,只有当证据满足以下条件时,才可以在针对最终决定的上诉中使用新证据:

  • 在下级法院进行聆讯时,无法通过合理的努力获得及使用该证据;
  • 一旦使用该证据,即使未必是决定性,亦可能会对案件的结果产生重要影响;以及
  • 该证据本身必须是按照常理可以相信;即使未必是无可争议,亦必须明显可信。

在引入CPR前,Ladd v Marshall案基本上代表了对此问题的全部法律观点。然而,CPR改变了民事诉讼的格局,特别是其引入了凌驾一切的目的的概念。凌驾一切的目的(CPR 1.1)确保案件得到公正的处理。除此之外,这还包括确保当事人处于平等地位、节省开支,以及按照案件价值、案件的重要性和复杂性及当事人的财务状况以相称的方式处理案件。CPR 1.2要求法院在行使 CPR 赋予的任何自由裁量权时,必须秉持凌驾一切的目的。

在引入CPR后,上诉法院是否采纳新证据,须根据凌驾一切的目的酌情决定[1]。尽管Ladd v Marshall案中阐明的原则仍然具有指导意义,并且涵盖了“上诉法院必须考虑的全部相关因素”[2],但这仅仅是指导原则,而不是严格的门槛测试。

这时候应注意,如上诉来自非正审裁决,上诉法院在采纳新证据的问题上做法更为灵活[3]。在非正审上诉中,如果情况发生重大变化,新的证据也可能被接纳[4]

在加勒比地区的发展

Ladd v Marshall案的标准在引入CPR前后,均为东加勒比上诉法院所一贯适用。在 Guy Joseph v The Boundaries Commission [2015] ECSC J0406-2 案中,Pereira 首席法官认为该领域的法理已是众所周知,甚至可谓陈腐的法律。


 一些上诉法院在判决中所作的评论的难点在于,为了强调法院会在非正审裁决的上诉中采取更灵活的做法,法院可能夸大了就初审提出上诉时Ladd v Marshall条件的死板程度。

 例如,在Guy Joseph v The Boundaries Commission案中,Pereira首席法官有这样的描述:“当在审判或就案情进行全面聆讯后寻求在上诉中提出新证据时,需严谨应用Ladd v Marshall案中规定的测试”。 上诉法院在 Nam Tai Inc v IsZo Capital LP [2021] ECSC J1006-3 案中也使用了类似的语言,其中表示:


“上诉法院必须牢记重要且值得称赞的原则,即案件应根据审判时提供的证据来裁决,以终结诉讼。因此,Ladd v Marshall原则必须严谨适用,上诉法院批准在上诉中采纳新证据的申请之前,必须确信该测试的三个部分得到满足。”


这些评论的问题在于,他们忽视了引入CPR后该领域法律发展的重要性。其出发点不该是考虑上诉来自非正审还是最终聆讯,然后根据案件的需要严谨或灵活地适用Ladd v Marshall案的标准。 相反,其出发点应该是承认新证据的问题涉及自由裁量权的行使。这种自由裁量权取决于凌驾一切的目的,Ladd v Marshall原则为法院提供的是一个框架而非掣肘。


 在最近的一项判决中,上诉法院对这一法律领域做出了备受期待的澄清。在Chia Hsing Wang v XY [2023] ECSC J0606-2 案中,面对三项在上诉中提出新证据的独立申请,Farara 上诉法官裁定:


“众所周知,Ladd v Marshall案的标准仅是原则,而不是法院严格适用的规则或特殊规则。因此,寻求援引新证据的一方不必证明某些特殊理由,以允许在上诉中依赖这些证据。但是,(法院)在应用这些标准时应该非常谨慎,并符合 CPR 1.1 中所规定的伸张正义的凌驾一切的目的。”


澄清法院应如何处理采纳新证据的申请是一项正面进展,这将帮助潜在的诉讼当事人更清楚地了解他们在上诉中法院对他们有何期望。

诉讼当事人应该做什么

现代商业生活节奏很快,公共假期或传统营业时间已变得无关紧要,现在,跨时区和远距离的沟通和共享文档比以往任何时候都更加容易。这可能会导致诉讼当事人期望从法律体系中获得快速(即使不是立即)的结果,就像他们对商业服务营运商的期望一样。


诉讼脉络的困难在于,由于仓促行事,诉讼当事人有时可能会忽视了某些文件的重要性,或某个特定电话或会议对其案情的实质影响。当诉讼当事人寻求紧急禁令救济时,上诉法院更容易理解这些失误,但就此认为上诉法院会纵容诉讼当事人的粗心大意甚至不尊重法院程序,那是大大错误的。 同样,有很多诉讼当事人在匆忙中寻求最终救济的例子,例如申请撤销根据 《2003 年破产法》出具的法定要求偿债书。在这种情况下,上诉法院的宽容度就会低很多。


有一点非常重要的是,诉讼当事人应该从一开始就向其律师给予充分、明确的指示。在准备发起索赔或申请的初始阶段看似无关紧要的事情,后来可能会变得重要。除非可以援引Ladd v Marshall案的标准助阵,否则向上诉法院提出相关论点可能为时已晚。诉讼当事人最好花点时间仔细考虑其主张事实的完整框架,并让律师决定文件或其他证据的关联性。诉讼当事人也许并不总是能够“明智地慢慢来”行动,但也应该对“跑太快会跌倒”格外留神。

 

[1] 参见 Evans v Tiger Investments Ltd [2002] EWCA Civ 161 和 Guy Joseph v The Boundaries Commission [2015] ECSC J0406-2

[2] Terluk v Berezovsky [2011] EWCA Civ 1534

[3] Guy Joseph v The Boundaries Commission [2015] ECSC J0406-2

[4] R (Iran) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] EWCA Civ 982

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